My heartfelt thank for your continual support, BIRGIT.

Monday, July 21, 2025

Julius Röntgen - Piano Music Vol. 4 (Mark Anderson)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  1. Impromptu
  2. Ballade No. 1 in D minor, Op. 6
  3. Ballade No. 2 in G minor, Op. 22
  4. Ballade No. 3 in E minor
  5. Sonata in C-sharp minor
  6. Sérénade mélancholique
  7. Variations and Fugue on a theme of J.P.E. Hartmann, Op. 38

Mark Anderson, piano
Date: 2019
Label: Nimbus

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Piano Music Vol. 3 (Mark Anderson)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Sonata in A, Op. 2
  • Sonatine in E, Op. 63 No. 1
  • Sonata in A minor

Mark Anderson, piano
Date: 2017
Label: Nimbus

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Piano Music Vol. 2 (Mark Anderson)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Ein Cyclus von Phantasiestücken, Op. 5
  • Neckens Polska, Op. 11
  • Sonata No. 2 in D flat major, Op. 10

Mark Anderson, piano
Date: 2016
Label: Nimbus

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Piano Music Vol. 1 (Mark Anderson)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Suite in Four Movements, Op. 7
  • Variations and Finale on a Hungarian Czardas, Op. 25
  • Three Romances, Op. 32
  • Buiten (Outside), Op. 65

Mark Anderson, piano
Date: 2015
Label: Nimbus

-----------------------------------------------------------

Sunday, July 20, 2025

Julius Röntgen - Viola Sonatas (Herbert Kefer; Markus Schirmer)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Viola Sonata in A-Flat Major
  • Viola Sonata in A Minor
  • Viola Sonata in C Minor

Herbert Kefer, viola
Markus Schirmer, piano

Date: 2025
Label: Nimbus

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Works for Violin & Piano Vol. 2 (Christoph Schickedanz; Ernst Breidenbach)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Violin Sonata in F Major
  • Schwedische Weisen und Tänze
  • Variationen über ein norwegisches Volkslied, Op. 21
  • Violin Sonata No. 3 in F-Sharp Minor, Op. 20

Christoph Schickedanz, violin
Ernst Breidenbach, piano

Date: 2020
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Works for Violin & Piano Vol. 1 (Christoph Schickedanz; Ernst Breidenbach)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Violin Sonata in E major, Op. 40
  • Phantasy, Op. 24
  • Sonata trilogica
  • Seven Concert Pieces, Op. 89 - Suite

Christoph Schickedanz, violin
Ernst Breidenbach, piano

Date: 2015
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Saturday, July 19, 2025

Julius Röntgen - Cello Sonatas Vol. 3 (Jean Decroos; Danièle Dechenne)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Cello Sonata No. 13 in C sharp minor
  • Sonata for Cello Solo
  • Cello Sonata No. 11 in D minor
  • Cello Sonata No. 1 in B major, Op. 3

Jean Decroos, cello
Danièle Dechenne, piano

Date: 2008
Label: Ars Produktion

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Cello Sonatas Vol. 2 (Jean Decroos; Danièle Dechenne)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Cello Sonata No. 10 in C minor
  • Cello Sonata No. 7 in F sharp minor
  • Cello Sonata No. 2 in A minor, Op. 41

Jean Decroos, cello
Danièle Dechenne, piano

Date: 2006
Label: Ars Produktion

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Cello Sonatas Vol. 1 (Jean Decroos; Danièle Dechenne)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Cello Sonata No. 4 in C minor
  • Cello Sonata No. 3 in G minor
  • Cello Sonata No. 5 in B minor, Op. 56

Jean Decroos, cello
Danièle Dechenne, piano

Date: 2003
Label: Ars Produktion

-----------------------------------------------------------

Friday, July 18, 2025

Edvard Grieg; Amanda Maier; Julius Röntgen - String Quartets (Zilliacus Quartet)


Information

Composer: Edvard Grieg; Amanda Maier; Julius Röntgen
  • Grieg - String Quartet No. 2 in F Major
  • Maier - String Quartet in A Major
  • Röntgen - String Quartet No. 12 in G-Sharp Minor

Zilliacus Quartet
    Cecilia Zilliacus, violin
    Julia-Maria Kretz, violin
    Ylvali McTigert Zilliacus, viola
    Kati Raitinen, cello

Date: 2023
Label: dB Productions

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - String Quartets; Chinesische Lieder (Párkányí Quartet)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • String Quartet in C Major (1925)
  • String Quartet in G Minor "Fancy" (1917)
  • Chinesische Lieder, Op. 66 (1916)

Párkányí Quartet
    István Párkányi, violin
    Heinz Oberdorfer, violin
    Ferdinand Erblich, viola
    Michael Müller, cello

Julia Bronkhorst, soprano
Hans Eijsackers, piano

Date: 2015
Label: Cobra Records

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Piano Trios Nos. 6, 9 & 10 (Storioni Trio)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Piano Trio No. 6 in C minor, Op. 50
  • Piano Trio No. 10 in A major 'Gaudeamus'
  • Piano Trio No. 9 in F minor 'Post tenebras lux'

Storioni Trio
    Bart van de Roer, piano
    Wouter Vossen, violin
    Marc Vossen, cello

Date: 2008
Label: Ars Produktion

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Chamber Music (ARC Ensemble)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Quintet for Piano and Strings in A minor, Op. 100
  • Trio for Clarinet, Viola and Piano in E flat major
  • Sonata for Viola and Piano in C minor
  • Sextet in G major

ARC Ensemble
    Joaquin Valdepeñas, clarinet
    Erika Raum, violin
    Marie Bérard, violin
    Steven Dann, viola
    Yosef Tamir, viola
    David Hetherington, cello
    Bryan Epperson, cello
    David Louie, piano
    Dianne Werner, piano

Date: 2007
Label: RCA

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Orchestral, Choral & Chamber Music (Various Artists)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen

CD1
  • Serenade in A major, Op. 14
  • Thema mit Variationen, Op. 17
  • Motetten
  • Symphony No. 8 in C sharp minor
CD2
  • Piano Trio No. 6 in C minor, Op. 50
  • Violin Sonata No. 2 in F sharp minor, Op. 20
  • Cello Sonata No. 5 in B minor, Op. 56

Viotta Ensemble
Wyneke Jordans & Leo van Doeselaar, piano 4-hands
Netherlands Chamber Choir / Uwe Gronostay, conductor
Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra / Jac van Steen, conductor
Alexander Kerr, violin / Gregor Horsch, cello / Sepp Grotenhuis, piano

Compilation: 2019
Label: Brilliant Classics

-----------------------------------------------------------

Thursday, July 17, 2025

Julius Röntgen - Piano Concertos Nos. 3, 6 & 7 (Oliver Triendl)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor
  • Piano Concerto No. 6 in E minor
  • Piano Concerto No. 7 in C major

Oliver Triendl, piano
Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra
Hermann Bäumer, conductor

Date: 2019
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Piano Concertos Nos. 2 & 4 (Matthias Kirschnereit)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Piano Concerto No. 2 in D major, Op. 18
  • Piano Concerto No. 4 in F major

Matthias Kirschnereit, piano
NDR Radio Philharmonic Orchestra
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2011
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Cello Concertos (Gregor Horsch)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Cello Concerto No. 3 in F-sharp minor
  • Cello Concerto No. 2 in G minor
  • Cello Concerto No. 1 in E minor

Gregor Horsch, cello
Netherlands Symphony Orchestra
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2013
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Violin Concertos (Liza Ferschtman)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Violin Concerto in A minor
  • Ballad for Violin & Orchestra
  • Violin Concerto in F sharp minor

Liza Ferschtman, violin
Deutsche Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2011
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Wednesday, July 16, 2025

Julius Röntgen - Symphonies Nos. 7, 11, 12, 14, 22-24 (David Porcelijn)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen

CD1
  • Symphony No. 7 in F Minor "Edinburgh"
  • Symphony No. 14 in D Major "Winterthur"
  • Symphony No. 12 in C Major "In Babylone"
CD2
  • Symphony No. 11 in G Minor "Wirbel"
  • Symphony No. 23 in C Minor
  • Symphony No. 22 in F-Sharp Major
  • Symphony No. 24 in E Major

Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt (CD1)
Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra (CD2)
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2021
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Symphonies Nos. 9 & 21; Serenade (David Porcelijn)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Symphony No. 9 "The Bitonal"
  • Serenade in E major
  • Symphony No. 21 in A minor

Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2017
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Symphonies Nos. 5, 6 & 19 (David Porcelijn)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Symphony No. 6, "Rijck God, wie sal ic claghen"
  • Symphony No. 19, "B.A.C.H"
  • Symphony No. 5 in A minor, "Der Schnitter Tod"

Marcel Beekman, tenor
Consensus Vocalis
Netherlands Symphony Orchestra
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2012
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Symphonies Nos. 8 & 15 (David Porcelijn)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Symphony No. 8 in C sharp minor
  • Symphony No. 15 in F sharp minor
  • Variationen über eine Norwegische Volksweise

Carmen Fuggiss, soprano
NDR Radio Philharmonic Orchestra
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2009
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Tuesday, July 15, 2025

Julius Röntgen - Symphony No. 18; Old Netherlandish Dances (David Porcelijn)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Symphony No. 18 in A major
  • Ballade on a Norwegian Folk Song, Op. 36
  • Een liedje van de zee (a Little Song of the Sea), Op. 45
  • 6 Old Netherlandish Dances, Op. 46

NDR Radio Philharmonic Orchestra
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2008
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Symphony No. 10; Symphonietta Humoristica (David Porcelijn)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Symphony No. 10 in D major, "Waltz Symphony"
  • Symphonietta humoristica
  • 3 Preludes and Fugues
  • Old Netherlands Suite

Deutsche Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2008
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Julius Röntgen - Symphony No. 3; Suite 'Aus Jotunheim' (David Porcelijn)


Information

Composer: Julius Röntgen
  • Symphony No. 3 in C minor
  • Suite 'Aus Jotunheim'

Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz
David Porcelijn, conductor

Date: 2006
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Sunday, July 13, 2025

Vítězslava Kaprálová - Completed Orchestral Works (Alena Hron)


Information

Composer: Vítězslava Kaprálová

CD1
  • Suite en miniature, Op. 1 (1935)
  • Military sinfonietta, Op. 11 (1937)
  • Suita rustica, Op. 19 (1938)
  • Waving Farewell, Op. 14 (1937)
  • Prélude de Noël (1939)
  • Fanfare (1939)
CD2
  • Partita for Piano and Strings, Op. 20 (1939)
  • Piano Concerto in D Minor, Op. 7 (1935)
  • Suite for Piano, Op. 1 (Original Version)

Veronika Rovná, soprano
Tomáš Vrána, piano
Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra
Alena Hron, conductor

Date: 2024
Label: CPO

-----------------------------------------------------------

Vítězslava Kaprálová - Complete Piano Music (Giorgio Koukl)


Information

Composer: Vítězslava Kaprálová
  • Sonata appasionata, Op. 6
  • Praeludium, Op. 9 No. 1
  • Crab Canon, Op. 9 No. 2
  • Grotesque Passacaglia
  • 5 Piano Compositions
  • Dubnová Preludia, Op. 13
  • Variations sur le carillon de l'église St-Étienne-du-Mont, Op. 16
  • 2 Dances for Piano, Op. 23: No. 1, — (Reconstructed by G. Koukl)
  • 2 Bouquets of Flowers
  • Little Song
  • Ostinato Fox
  • Festive Fanfare

Giorgio Koukl, piano
Date: 2017
Label: Grand Piano

-----------------------------------------------------------

Vítězslava Kaprálová - La Vita. Leonie Karatas plays Kaprálová


Information

Composer: Vítězslava Kaprálová
  • 3 Piano Pieces, Op. 9
  • April Preludes
  • Little Song
  • 5 Piano Compositions
  • Dance for Piano, Op. 23
  • Variations sur le Carillon de l Église St-Étienne-du-Mont, Op. 16
  • Sonata Appassionata, Op. 6
  • Two Bouquets of Flowers

Leonie Karatas, piano
Date: 2022
Label: EuroArts Music International

-----------------------------------------------------------

Saturday, July 12, 2025

Janáček; Foerster; Haas - Music for Wind Instruments (Belfiato Quintet)


Information

Composer: Leoš Janáček; Josef Bohuslav Foerster; Pavel Haas
  • Foerster - Wind Quintet D Major, Op. 95
  • Haas - Wind Quintet, Op. 10
  • Janáček - Youth. Sextet for Wind Quintet and Bass Clarinet

Belfiato Quintet
    Oto Reiprich, flute
    Jan Souček, oboe
    Jiří Javůrek, clarinet
    Ondřej Šindelář, bassoon
    Kateřina Javůrková, horn
&
Jindřich Pavliš, bass clarinet

Date: 2017
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------

Martinů; Foerster; J. Novák - Cello Concertos (Jiří Bárta)


Information

Composer: Bohuslav Martinů; Josef Bohuslav Foerster; Jan Novák
  • Martinů - Cello Concerto No. 1, H. 196
  • Foerster - Cello Concerto, Op. 143
  • J. Novák - Capriccio for Cello and Small Orchestra

Jiří Bárta, cello
Prague Philharmonia
Jakub Hrůša, conductor

Date: 2009
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------

Friday, July 11, 2025

Josef Bohuslav Foerster - Violin Concertos (Ivan Ženatý)


Information

Composer: Josef Bohuslav Foerster
  • Violin Concerto No. 1 in C Minor, Op. 88
  • Violin Concerto No. 2 in D Minor, Op. 104

Ivan Ženatý, violin
BBC Symphony Orchestra
Jiří Bělohlávek, conductor

Date: 2008
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------

Josef Bohuslav Foerster - Complete Piano Trios (Foerster Trio)


Information

Composer: Josef Bohuslav Foerster
  • Piano Trio No. 1 in F Minor, Op. 8
  • Piano Trio No. 2 in B-Flat Major, Op. 38
  • Piano Trio No. 3 in A Minor, Op. 105

Foerster Trio
    Aleš Bílek, piano
    Stanislav Srp, violin (Nos. 1 & 2)
    František Pospíšil, violin (No. 3)
    Václav Jírovec, cello

Date: 2002
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------

Josef Bohuslav Foerster - Cyrano de Bergerac; Shakespeare Suite (Václav Smetáček)


Information

Composer: Josef Bohuslav Foerster
  • Cyrano de Bergerac, Op. 55
  • Shakespeare Suite, Op. 76

Czech Philharmonic Orchestra
Prague Symphony Orchestra
Václav Smetáček, conductor

Date: 1996
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------

Thursday, July 10, 2025

Josef Bohuslav Foerster - Symphony No. 5; 'In den Bergen' (Hermann Bäumer)


Information

Composer: Josef Bohuslav Foerster
  • In den Bergen, Op. 7
  • Symphony No. 5, Op. 141

Osnabrück Symphony Orchestra
Hermann Bäumer, conductor

Date: 2010
Label: Musikproduktion Dabringhaus und Grimm

-----------------------------------------------------------

Josef Bohuslav Foerster - Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4 (Hermann Bäumer)


Information

Composer: Josef Bohuslav Foerster
  • Symphony No. 3 in D Major, Op. 36
  • Symphony No. 4 in C Minor, Op. 54

Osnabrück Symphony Orchestra
Hermann Bäumer, conductor

Date: 2009
Label: Musikproduktion Dabringhaus und Grimm

-----------------------------------------------------------

Josef Bohuslav Foerster - Symphonies Nos. 1 & 2 (Hermann Bäumer)


Information

Composer: Josef Bohuslav Foerster
  • Symphony No. 2 in F Major, Op. 29
  • Symphony No. 1 in D Minor, Op. 9

Osnabrück Symphony Orchestra
Hermann Bäumer, conductor

Date: 2008
Label: Musikproduktion Dabringhaus und Grimm

-----------------------------------------------------------

Wednesday, July 9, 2025

Vítězslav Novák - Slovak Songs (Eva Garajová; Miroslav Sekera)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • Slovak Songs, Books 1–6 (Nos. 1–80)

Eva Garajová, mezzo-soprano
Miroslav Sekera, piano

Date: 2021
Label: ArcoDiva

-----------------------------------------------------------

Vítězslav Novák - Piano Concerto; Toman and the Wood Nymph (Jan Bartoš; Jakub Hrůša)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • Piano Concerto in E minor
  • At Dusk, Op. 13
  • Toman and the Wood Nymph, Op. 40

Jan Bartoš, piano
Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra
Jakub Hrůša, conductor

Date: 2020
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------

Vítězslav Novák - String Quartet; Piano Quintet (Kubín Quartet; Jiří Skovajsa)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • String Quartet in D major, Op. 35
  • Piano Quintet in A minor, Op. 12

Kubín Quartet
    Luděk Cap, violin
    Jan Niederle, violin
    Pavel Vítek, viola
    Jiří Zedníček, cello
&
Jiří Skovajsa, piano

Date: 1994
Label: Centaur

-----------------------------------------------------------

Tuesday, July 8, 2025

Vítězslav Novák - Orchestral Works, Vol. 2 (Marek Štilec)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • Moravian-Slovak Suite, Op. 32
  • 2 Wallachian Dances, Op. 34
  • De profundis, Op. 67

Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra
Marek Štilec, conductor

Date: 2023
Label: Naxos

-----------------------------------------------------------

Vítězslav Novák - Orchestral Works, Vol. 1 (Marek Štilec)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • South Bohemian Suite, Op. 64
  • Toman and the Wood Nymph, Op. 40

Moravian Philharmonic Orchestra
Marek Štilec, conductor

Date: 2020
Label: Naxos

-----------------------------------------------------------

Vítězslav Novák - In the Tatra Mountains; etc. (JoAnn Falletta)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • In the Tatra Mountains, Op. 26
  • Lady Godiva – Overture, Op. 41
  • Eternal Longing, Op. 33

Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra
JoAnn Falletta, conductor

Date: 2017
Label: Naxos

-----------------------------------------------------------

Monday, July 7, 2025

Vítězslav Novák - Lady Godiva; etc. (Libor Pešek)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • Overture to the play Lady Godiva, Op. 41
  • Toman and the Wood Nymph, Op. 40
  • De profundis, Op. 67

BBC Philharmonic Orchestra
Libor Pešek, conductor

Date: 2000
Label: Chandos

-----------------------------------------------------------

Vítězslav Novák - Slovak Suite; etc. (Libor Pešek)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • In the Tatra Mountains, Op. 26
  • Eternal Longing, Op. 33
  • Slovak Suite, Op. 32

Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra
Libor Pešek, conductor

Date: 1997
Label: Virgin

-----------------------------------------------------------

Vítězslav Novák - Pan (Zdeněk Bílek)


Information

Composer: Vítězslav Novák
  • Pan, symphonic poem, Op. 43

Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra
Zdeněk Bílek, conductor

Date: 1990
Label: Marco Polo

-----------------------------------------------------------

Antonín Dvořák; Vítězslav Novák - Spectre's Bride; The Storm (Jaroslav Krombholc)


Information

Composer: Antonín Dvořák; Vítězslav Novák
  • Dvořák - The Spectre's Bride, Op. 69
  • Novák - The Storm, Op. 42

Drahomíra Tikalová; Maria Tauberová
Beno Blachut; Ladislav Mráz
Vladimir Jedenáctík; Jaroslav Veverka

Czech Philharmonic Chorus & Orchestra
Jaroslav Krombholc, conductor

Date: 1961; 1956
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------

Sunday, July 6, 2025

Antonín Dvořák; Zdeněk Fibich; Bohuslav Martinů - Piano Trios (Smetana Trio)


Information

Composer: Antonín Dvořák; Zdeněk Fibich; Bohuslav Martinů
  • Dvořák - Piano Trio No. 1 in B flat major, Op. 21 B 51
  • Fibich - Piano Trio in F minor
  • Martinů - Piano Trio No. 2 in D minor, H 327

Smetana Trio
    Jitka Čechová, piano
    Jana Vonášková-Nováková, violin
    Jan Páleníček, cello

Date: 2007
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------

Zdeněk Fibich - Piano Quartet & Quintet (Panocha Quartet)


Information

Composer: Zdeněk Fibich
  • Quartet for Violin, Viola, Cello and Piano in E minor, Op. 11
  • Quintet for Piano, Clarinet, French horn, Violin and Cello in D major, Op. 42

Panocha Quartet
    Jiří Panocha, violin
    Miroslav Sehnoutka, viola
    Jaroslav Kulhan, cello

Marián Lapšanský, piano
Ludmila Peterková, clarinet
Vladimíra Klánská, French horn

Date: 
Label: 

-----------------------------------------------------------

Zdeněk Fibich - String Quartets (Panocha Quartet)


Information

Composer: Zdeněk Fibich
  • String Quartet No. 1 in A major
  • String Quartet No. 2 in G major, Op. 8
  • Tema con variazioni in B flat major

Panocha Quartet
    Jiří Panocha, violin
    Pavel Zejfart, violin
    Miroslav Sehnoutka, viola
    Jaroslav Kulhan, cello

Date: 2001
Label: Supraphon

-----------------------------------------------------------